通過對改革后的立論文分析不難發(fā)現(xiàn),在這149道題目中一共有六種提問方式。讓我們歸納總結(jié)一下他們的規(guī)律。
注:由于關(guān)于claim的問題方式有兩次,筆者統(tǒng)一歸納總結(jié)成為一種方式,故圖中展示的只有五種。仔細關(guān)注下statement, recommendation, claim這三個單詞,他們在某些方面具有程度遞進的關(guān)系。
1. Statement: the expression in spoken or written words of something such as a fact, intention, or policy, or an instance of this.意為陳述某一事實,意圖,政策。重點在于陳述。
2. Recommendation: a suggestion as to what is a good or sensible thing to do or use in the circumstances意為合理的建議(比陳述事實更近了一步)
3. Claim: maintain something is true: to say, without proof or evidence, that something is true 意為聲明,即便在沒有證據(jù)的情況下仍然堅持聲稱某事為真實的
從以上的分析中不難看出這三種問法在操作形式上具有程度類比,其中第三種的程度語氣更強。
讓我們仔細分析一下例子
1. Statement (以下是事實陳述的例子)
i. The luxuries and conveniences of contemporary life prevent people from developing into truly strong and independent individuals.
ii. In any field of inquiry, the beginner is more likely than the expert to make important contributions.
iii. As we acquire more knowledge, things do not become more comprehensible, but more complex and mysterious.
iv. It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves.
v. The greatness of individuals can be decided only by those who live after them, not by their contemporaries.
vi. In order for any work of art-for example, a film, a novel, a poem, or a song-to have merit, it must be understandable to most people.